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Abatement:
A reduction in amount, degree, or intensity.
Procedures to remove or to make safe of lead paint, asbestos, and other painted surfaces. This includes covering the surfaces with a coat of an impermeable paint product.
Absorption (Absorb):
The process of soaking up. When a substance is taken into pores, voids, or interstices of a material.
Accent Color:
Elements of color décor (often bright, deep, or strong colors) that have characteristics that is fairly different from the basic color scheme.
Acetates:
Organic solvents formed by combining various alcohols with acetic acid.
Acid Etch:
A surface treatment that uses a diluted acid to neutralize the surface.
Acidity:
The chemical character of a body in the presence of water, which is measured by pH (short for hydrogen potential). A pH from 0 to 7 = increasing acid medium and a pH from 7 to 14 = increasing alkaline or basic medium content.
Acrylic:
The family of organic acids with the generic formula of CnH2nCOOH. Acrylic acids are polymerized to produce film-forming materials that range from Plexiglas to latex emulsions.
Acrylic Latex:
Water based, emulsion type paint that contains an acrylic co-polymer as the binder.
Adhesion:
The ability of a coating to stick to a surface.
Air Dry:
The most common form of curing a coating in which drying takes place by oxidization or evaporation at regular room conditions; 60 to 75 degrees F, with about 40 to 60 percent humidity, by simple exposure to air without heat or catalyst.
Air-Assisted Airless Spraying:
An alteration of the airless spraying system. Pressurized air is used at the edges of the airless spray pattern to more fully atomize paint spray. A lower paint or pot pressure can therefore be used.
Airless Spray:
Unlike usual spraying, this system doesn’t require air, it uses hydraulic pressure. It is a process of atomization of paint by forcing it through the spray nozzle at high pressure.
Aliphatic:
A major class of organic solvents which are composed of open chains of carbon atoms. Many of these are used as solvents for alkyd and oil based paints such as the aliphatic hydrocarbons which are relatively weak.
Alkali:
Is highly destructive to paint films and can also be used to neutralize acids; such as lye, soda of lime, alkaline or strong alkaline solutions.
Alligation:
Fine cracks that have formed on a painted surface, that resembles an alligator’s skin. This can be a result of grease, dirt or wax buildup on the surface, poorly ventilated rooms, when the temperature is low, product in not mixed thoroughly, or applying thick films which prevent the under surface from becoming dry and hard.
Applicator:
A tool for applying material and/or a person who applies a coating.
Back Priming:
The process of painting or priming the back or unexposed side of material; generally, exterior siding and trim, to reduce the amount of moisture that can travel from the interior. This helps reduce the risk of cupping, swelling and blistering.
Back Rolling:
A technique used when freshly applied paint is smoothed out with an un-dipped roller to even out the appearance and improve consistency. Back rolling is not considered a second coat.
Base Coat:
A base coat can be either a coat applied straight to a substrate; to guarantee adhesion between the substrate and the coating, a ground coat, the plaster coat applied earlier to the finish coat, or a base coat for a decorative finish that shows underneath the glaze coat pattern.
Batch:
The total quantity of material that is produced as the result of one operation. Manufacturers usually apply a code on each unit filled from a batch so that it can be easily identified to the date of production and formula used.
Bleaching:
The process of restoring discolored or stained wood to its normal color or makig it lighter.
Bleeding Stain:
A stain that transfers through coatings applied to it. Usually, this is caused by the stain being soluble in the liquid volatile phase of the coating that is applied. As the volatile material evaporates, the solubilized stain is deposited on the surface.
Blister (ing):
A rounded projection, surface bubbles, that appears in a dry coating film, caused by paint applied over a wet, oily or dirty surface. Also occurs when water vapor escapes from the house interiors and from excessive heat during application that causes the surface to dry too quickly. In wall coverings, a blister is a bubble of entrapped air under the surface that hasn’t been smoothed out.
Blushing:
A defect that can occur during the drying phase of lacquer films. This is generally caused by moisture setting on an uncured surface, an opaque lacquer will lose its gloss and become flat or a clear lacquer will turn white or milky.
Breathe:
The ability of a coating or material to allow the passage of moisture vapor without causing blistering, cracking or peeling. See also Permeability.
Brush:
A tool made of bristles set into a handle. Natural bristles are used for solvent-based coatings; synthetic bristles or filaments are used for water-based coatings; and ire bristles are used for surface preparation.
Burnish (ing):
Commonly associated with the appearance of shiny patches on flat and low sheen finished after being rubbed or polished. Coatings can vary widely in their burnish resistance depending on the type and amount of pigmentation used in the product. Coatings with higher gloss generally have better burnish resistance than those with low sheens.
Calcium Carbonate:
(CaCO3) A white compound that occurs naturally in limestone, marble, calcite and chalk. The natural calcium carbonate is mined, ground, pulverized, and then classified as to particle size. Calcium carbonate is also produced synthetically by precipitation and frequently as a byproduct of another chemical process. Calcium carbonate pigments are slightly alkaline, relatively soft and dissolve in acids. They are widely used in interior alkyd and latex paints as extender pigments. Also known as whiting.
Cat Eye:
A defect in a paint film that appears during application or before dying of the film. It appears as a rounded area with slightly elevated rum and a thin film of coating on the bottom; in most cases, the surface is partially visible. See also Fish Eye.
Catalyst:
A chemical compound used to accelerate the reaction among other compounds. Usually this reaction causes the finish to be more durable without the catalyst.
Caulk:
A soft, resillient, puttlike material used for filling cracks and holes or for sealing around flashings, frames, piping, etc.
Chalk:
See Calcium Carbonate
Chalking:
The formation of a loose powder on the surface of a coating generally caused by the degradation of the binder that causes releases of surface pigment. Some pigments are known to chalk freely (e.g. anatase titanium dioxide) and are used to make self-cleaning paints. Ref. ASTM D 659.
Change Order:
A written order to the contractor (signed by the owner, owner’s representative or specifying authority) issued after the execution of the contract authorizing a change in the work, or an adjustment in the contract sum or the contract time
Checking:
The formation of small narrow breaks in a coating film that do not extend to the underlying surface. ASTM D 660 describes three types of checking: Irregular Pattern type, Line type and Crowfoot type. The various types are rated for severity by visual comparison to photographic standards, where 10 = no checking and 0 = severe checking.
Clear Coat (Finish):
A layer of a material, transparent in nature (often water white or of amber cast) over a colored basecoat, giving the final product depth and an added brilliance of color as well as durability.
Coating:
A generic term for a paint, varnish, lacquer, or other material evenly applied to a surface in a uniform adherent layer to fulfill a protective, functional or decorative purpose.
Color:
The selective reflection of light waves in the visible spectrum. Materials that show specific absorption of light will appear the color of the wavelength that they reflect.
Color Float:
The separation to the surface of a coating of colored pigments in a non-uniform manner. See also Floating, Flooding.
Color Range:
The extent of colors, tone, and hue. Paint manufacturer’s system of tint bases used in conjunction with colorants to produce a wide range of colors, including pastel, mid-tone, deep-tone, ultra-deep tones, and variations thereof.
Color Retention:
The ability of a coating to show little change in color after exposure to weather (i.e. ultraviolet radiation), heat or chemical attack.
Color Run:
The amount of wall covering produced at one time. A repeat run at another time will probably not match the color of the original run and is given another run number.
Color Scheme:
A selection of colors intended to complement or create a desired visual effect.
Color Spectrum:
A representation of the full range of visible colors composed from the primary colors of blue, red, and yellow.
Color Uniformity:
The ability of a coating to appear or maintain a uniform color after drying or exposure to the environment.
Color Wheel:
A chart, on which complementary colors (or their names) are arranged on opposite sides of a circle, (often a 12 segment wheel, containing 3 primary, 3 secondary, and 6 intermediate colors). Used in color decorating.
Colorant:
A dispersed pigment in a medium. A concentrated liquid (or dry) color that is added in order to tint paints to obtain a chosen color. In most paints, a universal colorant is used due to its broad compatibility with various solvent and binder types. See also Tinting Colors and Universal Colorants.
Combustible:
A material capable of catching fire and burning easily. A liquid having a flash point at or above 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C.).
Complementary Colors:
Two colors that are directly opposite from one another on a color wheel.
Complete Cure:
The final state of a paint or coating. A coating is said to be at complete cure or fully cured, when the designed degree of reaction has been completed and the physical and chemical resistance properties have achieved their maximum potential.
Cornice:
A decorative horizontal molding of precast concrete, molding plaster, fiberglass, plastic or wood usually installed to the top of a wall.
Coverage:
The area over which a coating can be spread to attain a specified film thickness. Often, used interchangeably with spreading rate or in relationship to hiding power.
Cure:
To initiate the conversion of a polymer to its final, stable condition. Describes the drying or hardening of a film through hear, oxidation, chemical reaction or a combination of the former.
Cutting In:
A brushing technique used to create a clean sharp edge such as at the intersection of a wall and trim, or the brush application of a coating to areas that cannot be reached with a roller.
Dead Flat:
A coating or surface having no gloss or sheen.
Deck Coating:
A pigmented coating designed for application to horizontal walking surfaces such as decks and porches. In most cases a coarse aggregate is added where slipping is a concern (i.e. non-skid).
Deep Base:
A paint base, generally containing a small amount of prime pigment, used for tinting moderately dark or strong colors.
Deep Color:
An intense or strong color with no apparent appearance of black. Also called an accent color.
Deglosser:
A liquid alternative to sandpaper (e.g. TSP, various strong solvents, or commercially available preparations). Used to remove the gloss of a conventional coating in order to improve adhesion of subsequently applied coatings by providing some mechanical ‘tooth’.
Descaling:
The mechanical or chemical removal of mill scale and/or tied rust from a ferrous surface.
Dew Point:
The temperature at which condensation of water vapor in the air takes place. This can be calculated from temperature and humidity.
DFT:
Dry Film Thickness
Direct To Metal (DTM):
A coating applied to metal without the use of a primer.
Discoloration:
The change in color from the original color in the cured coating. This can be caused by many different factors such as UV degradation, chemical reaction, staining, etc.
Drawdown:
Preparation of a paint film of a fixed uniform thickness using a doctor blade type of application device. Often requested by architects and designers in order to evaluate the characteristics of the specified or desired paint.
Drop Cloth (Sheet):
A plastic or cloth (usually canvas) sheet used to protect items or areas that are not to be painted from overspray, drips, or spatter during a paint application.
Dry Brush:
A technique used in which a coating is applied sparingly with a semi-wetted brush. Commonly used to touch-up and for faux finishing.
Dry Fall (Dry Fog):
A paint designed to be applied by spray and dries fast enough that the overspray will be dry powder after falling a certain distance. The dust can then be swept or vacuumed up.
Dry Time:
The amount of time for a coating to reach a specified degree of cure under standard conditions of 73 +/- 4 degrees F. (23 +/- 2 degrees C.) and 50 +/- 5% relative humidity, or another specified set of conditions. Where dry times are reported, it is normally assumed, unless otherwise noted, that standard conditions were used.
Dry to Recoat:
Time interval between application and ability to receive next coat satisfactorily. See Dry Time.
Dry To Sand:
Drying stage at which a coating can be sanded without the excess clogging of the sandpaper.
Earth Colors:
Colors or colored pigments that are muddy in tone. Originally this term was related to the natural color pigments e.g. red iron oxide, ocher, umber, etc.
Earth Pigments:
The naturally occurring pigments obtained from soft rocks or from deposits such as ocher, umber, sienna, chalk, barites, clay and graphite.
Eggshell:
A finish with a gloss between flat and semi-gloss. The sheen resembles the surface on an eggshell. It is now an ambiguous term as the gloss levels now vary greatly between alkyd and latex, and between the different manufacturers.
Elasticity:
The ability of a dry paint film or material to stretch then return to its normal size or shape.
Elastomeric Coating:
A coating that has the ability to stretch to a specified length without breaking or tearing, then recover to its original length.
Electrostatic Coating:
A coating designed for application (or applied) by electrostatic equipment.
Electrostatic Spray:
The application of a coating using static electricity generated by the charging of the coating particles as they are atomized and by grounding a conductive substrate. The advantage is a minimization of overspray as the grounded article attracts the paint particles.
Elongation:
The stretching of a material or coating film. It is measured as a percentage increase in the length of a test specimen when it is stretched until it breaks. See ASTM D412 for additional information.
Enamel:
A hard, glossy, vitreous finish likened to enamelized (fire ceramic) potteries. Originally used for gloss alkyd/oil paints and varnishes. Now used for alkyd and latex coatings of varied gloss.
Epoxy Paint:
A coating material based on an apoxy resin
Epoxy Resin:
A resin produced from the reaction from film formers usually made from bisphenol and epichlorohydrin which contain the characteristics oxirane (epoxide) group or glycidal group. Epoxy resins are capable of curing through heat oxidization (epoxy ester) with polyamides, amines and isocyanates. Epoxies are generally clear, tough, adhesive, mechanically and heat stable, and abrasion and chemical resistant, but tend to discolor (yellowing) and chalk when exposed to UV light.
Estimate:
A general calculation used to size or coat a job.
Etch (ing):
To roughen a surface by the use of a chemical agent (often acid), prior to painting, to improve the adhesion of subsequently applied coating(s). This technique is most often used on metals and concrete. Etching is always followed by thorough water rinsing and drying.
Expansion Joint:
A seam in concrete, plaster, wallboard or stucco construction designed to control or relieve stress in that surface. Used to reduce the possibility of cracking. Also known as a control joint.
Exterior:
The outside surfaces of a structure.
Factory Finished:
Finished at the point of manufacture, requiring no additional work or finish by the Painting & Decorating Contractor.
Fallout:
A type of overspray. Often used in reference to the spray application of ceiling coatings.
Fan Pattern:
The geometry or the shape of a spray pattern. Generally round or flat.
Ferrous:
Compounds containing predominantly iron.
Ferrule:
The metal band that connects the stock and the handle of a paint brush.
Fiber Cement (Board / Siding):
A product made of a cement, sand, cellulose fiber, and select additives mixed with water and often formed into textured siding and smooth panels.
Fiberboard:
A composite wood product containing small wood and plant fibers that have been bonded together with an adhesive (commonly phenolic based) then compressed into boards or sheets
Film:
A general name given to a layer of paint, varnish or similar material. A recently applied film is called wet film as opposed to a dry film after the drying process is complete.
Film Thickness:
The thickness or depth of a coating film either in the wet state or dry state, usually measured or represented in mils (1/1000 inch) or microns.
Flammable:
A material that will burn readily or quickly. A liquid having a flash point below 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C).
Flashing:
The non-uniform appearance of a coating applied to walls or other surfaces, where there are noticeable variations in the gloss or color. This can be caused by application to an inconsistently sealed surface, excessive film build where roller paths overlap, etc.
Flat:
Without luster or gloss. For ideal uniformity in a coating, the sheen (85 degree) would be close to, or the same as the 60 degree gloss.
Fluid Tip:
The orifice end of a spray gun, in which the needle is seated and through which the coating is distributed or atomized.
Fogging:
Misting. A finely atomized spray.
Full Coat:
Applied coating at the specified film thickness or spreading rate.
Full Gloss:
The film of a coating material that, when dry, has a smooth almost mirror-like gloss finish surface.
Fungicidal Paint:
A coating material that discourages the growth of surface molds on the dry film. This property is normally conferred by the use of special additives, although certain pigments may themselves contribute to the fungicidal property of the paint.
Gallon, U.S.:
A unit of volume measure used in the United States. It equals 231 cubic inches, 3.785 liters or .833 imperial gallons.
Glaze:
A term used to describe several types of finishing material. Topcoat(s) (from clear to translucent to opaque) applied over a painted surface to produce decorative, generally broken color effects. Used to subdue strongly colored base coats.
Gloss:
The luster or shininess of paints and coatings are generally classified as flat, semi-gloss, or gloss; the latter has the higher reflecting ability.
Graffiti:
The unwanted vandalism of a surface with paint, felt pen, crayon, etc.
Graffiti Resistant Coating:
A coating that is applied, from which graffiti can be removed by scrubbing and without damage to the surface. The product resists hydrocarbon solvents typically incorporated in paints, markers and other coatings, allowing removal by use of similar solvents or proprietary cleaners.
Grain:
The fibers of a wood surface forming a distinct direction. Or a small particle in paint caused by poor filtration, dispersion or flocculation of pigments or the polymer
Grain Raising:
Swelling and standing up of the wood grain caused by absorbed water and
Graphics:
Two or more colors decoratively applied to a surface in a clearly defined pattern.
Hairlines:
Narrow cracks in a substrate or coating film. Also known as hairline cracks.
Hiding Power:
The degree or ability of a paint to hide the previous surface color. Hiding power is given by the paint’s pigment.
High Efficiency Particulate Air Filters (HEPA):
Generally synthetic membranes with small pores that allow air to pass but stops airborne particles greater than 0.05 microns in diameter. Commonly used in clean rooms for semi-conductor manufacture.
High Gloss:
A dry coating film showing a gloss level greater than 80 units at 60 degrees.
High Solids:
A coating that has a greater solids level than a conventional version of that type of coating. True high solids coatings contain a level of 70% non-volatile (solids), but some types are impractical due to the viscosity of the binder.
High Volume Low Pressure (HVLP):
A type of paint spray equipment that uses low pot pressure (5-10 psi.) combines with a controlled, high volume stream of air (20 + cubic feet per minute) to atomize and project the coating onto a surface. Generally used in fine finishing or where high transfer efficiency and low overspray is required.
Holidays:
Voids, pinholes and missed areas in the dried paint film.
Hue:
The character of a chromatic color differentiating it from another color (such as red, green, blue) whether light or dark. The color whether tinted with white or shaded with clack is still the same hue.
HVLP:
See High Volume Low Pressure.
Intercoat:
A layer of paint that is between two others. Also refers to something occurring between coats, as in “intercoat adhesion.”
Interior:
The inside surfaces of a structure.
Interior Coatings:
Products designed for interior use only. This may be due to a lack of resistance to common degrading sources such as U.V. light (sunlight), temperature changes, rain, etc
Intermediate Coat:
Any coating applied between the primer and finish coat, often the intermediate coat is a slightly different color to act as a guide coat to assure complete coverage or that the full film thickness of the next coat has been achieved.
Intumescent Coating:
A coating designed to untumesce as nonflammable gasses (such as carbon dioxide and ammonia) are produced when exposed to flame or heat. These gasses are trapped by the film converting it to a think insulating foam or char much thicker than the original film there by giving protection to the substrate.
Jamb:
A side post or side of a door or window frame.
Japan Driers:
A resinate based mixture of liquid driers.
Joist:
A small beam that supports a part of a ceiling, roof or floor of a structure.
Knife Grade:
A product thickness greater than liquid thereby requiring a knife or trowel for application e.g. knife grade elastomeric or epoxy filler.
Knockdown:
A texture usually obtained where a wide knife or trowel is used to known down and flatten the peaks of the texture applied.
Lacquer:
A fast-drying clear pigmented coating that dries by solvent evaporation.
Lacquer Thinner:
A solvent blend used to reduce the viscosity or solids level of lacquer coatings. Commonly a bland of alcohol, acetate, ketone and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.
Laddering:
A vertical and horizontal crack in masonry block at the martar joints, resembling a ladder (stairs). Also called “stairing.”
Lap:
The edge where one brush stroke, spray pass or roller track overlaps another over and covers the edge of a previous coat. This “lap” should not be visible when dry.
Lap Marks:
To lay or place one coat so its edge extends over and covers the edge of a precious coat, causing an increased film thickness.
Latex:
A water-thinned paint, such as a polyvinyl acetate, styrene butadiene or acrylic. Latex is the milky emulsion generally composed of a combination of starches, proteins, alkaloids, resins, etc. extracted from plants.
Light Reflectance Value:
The amount of light reflected form a painted surface.
Low Solvent Coating:
A coating that is being applied with a reduced amount of solvent. Also known as coating with low VOC (volatile organic compound).
Low Temperature Paint:
Special paints formulated to be applied even at near-freezing temperatures, although if the temperature drops to freezing during the drying process, failure(s) may result. The product’s low temperature limits are critical to product performance (during both application and curing).
Masking:
Temporary covering to protect areas not being painted.
Master Painter:
A paint craftsman who has attained a level exceeding that of a journeyman.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS):
A document that lists hazardous ingredients, proper handling, storage, first aid, disposal and other safety information related to all products used in the workplace. Coating manufacturers are obligated to provide copied to the point of distribution who, in turn, are obligated to provide same to the end user.
Matte (Matt) Finish:
A low gloss finish, lacking specular gloss, low luster. A description of a painted surface that absorbs light so as to be substantially free from gloss or sheen when viewed at any angle. See also Flat.
Metal Primer:
A coating, often the anti-corrosive type, designed for application to clean metallic surfaces to provide an adhesive base coat for subsequently applied finishes.
Mildew:
A variety of fungal species of the family Erysiphaceae. Commonly, mildews on painted surfaces are either black or gray. Mildew can be seasonal, but is mostly seen in damp humid environments that receive little or no sunlight.
Mill Scale:
The mixed oxide layer formed during hot fabrication or heat-treatment of steel and iron metals. It appears as a tightly bound black material that should be removed prior to priming.
Mock Up:
A representative example of a paint system or wall covering application used as reference standard or benchmark standard for the remainder of a project.
Moisture Content:
The amount of water vapor or liquid water contained within a substrate.
MSDS:
See Material Safety Data Sheet.
Mullion:
A vertical bar or divider in a window frame that separates two or more panes.
Nail Popping:
The slight protrusion of nail (fastener) heads that are used to fasten drywall sheets. This can be caused by the shrinkage of the supportive framing, structural movements, or improper installation.
Nailhead Rusting:
Rust from iron nails that penetrates or bleeds through the coating and stains the surrounding areas.
Natural Finish:
A finish (generally on wood) that imparts no gloss and appears as there in no coating applied. In many cases, a penetrating stain is used to achieve this effect.
Non-Combustible:
A material that has the property of being relatively resistant or inert to rapid oxidization (burning) when compared to substances such as oil and gasoline.
Nonflammable:
Incombustible. A material that will not burn under normal conditions.
Off-Color:
A color that does not match the standard (often a color chip) with which it is being compared. Also known as mistint.
Opaque:
A film or material that is not transparent or has hiding or color to it.
Orange Peel:
The irregular surface of a film, resembling the dimpled skin of an orange, caused by a non-uniform release of solvents in a coating or by a failure of the film to flow out to a smooth level surface after application by spray.
Overcoat:
Topcoat; final coat.
Overspray:
The paint that did not hit the intended surface during a spray application. This can appear as small, raised specks around the area sprayed and can give a halo effect on smooth surfaces.
Oxalic Acid:
An acidic type of wood bleach used to remove stains such as cedar bleed (tannis), rust, etc.
Paint:
A mixture or dispersion of opaque pigments or powders in a liquid or vehicle. Now used in the general sense, which includes all organic and inorganic coatings such as enamels, varnishes, emulsions, bituminous coatings, etc.
Paint Contractor:
An individual or firm whose primary business is providing surface preparation and coating application service.
Paint Failure:
The loss usefulness of the paint coating. The point at which the decorative and /or protective qualities of a coating have ended.
Paint Remover:
A compound that softens old paint or varnish and allows scraping off the loosened material. Common removers contain a solvent such as methylene chloride, wax, surfactants, etc. Newer removers are non-chloride and use a combination of surfactants and in some cases low volatility solvents. Also known as strippers.
Paintbrush:
A tool manufactured with natural or synthetic bristles designed to hole and apply paint. Natural bristle brushed apply more smoothly. Synthetic bristle brushes works best with latex and water-based paints because the filaments do not absorb water as easily. See also brush.
Painting:
The series of operations that includes surface preparation, pretreatment, and application of paints to surfaces, whether in the shop or in the field. Includes the labor, material and equipment; the drying and protection of the painted surfaces and the protection of property and traffic.
PDCA:
Painting & Decorating Contractors or America. The PDCA serves to educate and inform painting contractors in the U.S and Canada about business management, technical information, and other industry-related topics.
Peeling:
Detachment of a paint film from the substrate or underlying coating in ribbons or sheets (relatively large specs) usually accompanies by curling at the edges. Also known as tissue paper peeling.
Permeability:
The ability of a surface or coating to allow passage of gas, liquid or vapor. In coatings, usually measured in volume/area/time.
Picture Framing:
The appearance of color or sheen differences between brushed and rolled areas adjacent to one another, such as cut-in areas around doors and the rolled areas around surrounding walls.
Pigment:
Small solid particles of natural or synthetic, inorganic or organic, generally insoluble material that, when dispersed in a liquid vehicle to make a paint, provide such properties as color, opacity, hardness, sanding properties, gloss control, and corrosion resistance. Titanium dioxide is the most important pigment used to provide hiding power, but others include burnt or raw sienna, burnt or raw umber, carbon black, tuscan red, zinc compounds (oxide, phosphate, sulfide), etc.
Pin Hole (Pinhole):
A minute hole in a paint film that resembles a pore or pinprick, often due to improper solvent release during drying or the trapping of air or gas in the film during setting.
Polyurethane:
A film forming material produced when an isocyanate reacts with hydroxy functional polyol to produce an organic compound known as a urethane. Shows excellent chemical and solvent resistance, toughness, and good adhesion, although proper surface preparation is critical. The two main types are aromatic (interior) and aliphatic (exterior durable).
Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA):
A synthetically produces polymer that is widely used as a co-polymer for vinyl chloride to improve solubility in organic solvents. PVA is commonly emulsion polymerized and used for interior water based latex paints.
Poor Hiding:
A coating that shows the color of the previous coating or substrate through the dry film.
Power Wash:
The cleaning of a surface using pressurized water.
Prefinished:
An inappropriate term sometimes used to define Factory Finished.
Pressure Washing:
See Water Blast.
Primer:
The first of two or more coats or paint, varnish or lacquer. It is applied to improve adhesion of the succeeding coat and/or provide passive corrosion resistance to a metal surface.
Production Rate:
The amount of work done in a preset time period.
Profile:
The surface roughness of an abrasive blast-cleaned surface, as viewed from the edge; a cross section of the surface.
Punch List:
A list, made at or near the completion of work, indicating items to be furnished or work to be performed by the contractor or subcontractor in order to complete the work as specified in the contract documents. Also called a Deficiency List.
Putty Knife:
A flat-bladed tool for applying putty.
PVA:
See Polyvinyl Acetate.
Quart:
A unit of measure used for liquid volume of the U.S. and Imperial systems.
Reveal:
The area on the side of a door or window frame, between the line where the frame stops and the outside edge of the opening begins.
Roller:
A paint application tool consisting of a revolving cylinder covered with a sleeve of various materials. See Roller Sleeve
Roller Sleeve:
The normally absorbent tubular component (fitter over a paint roller) designed to apply paint by saturating with paint and rolling across the surface. Made of a wide variety of natural and synthetic materials, such as lamb’s wool, polyester foam, foamed plastic, etc. Sleeves are made in a wide variety of lengths and types of nap.
Roller Stipple:
A textured of small peaks or bumps in a dry coating film applied by roller. The texture is affected by the nap size of the roller and product viscosity.
Ropiness:
A stringy look to the paint film, resulting from the paint not flowing evenly onto the surface.
Sacking:
A finish for formed concrete surfaces designed to produce even texture and fill all voids and air holes. After dampening the surface, the mortar is rubbed over the surface, and before it dries, a mixture of dry cement and sand (or a barely moist mortar mix) is rubbed over it with a wad of burlap or a sponge-rubber float to remove surplus mortar and fill voids.
Sagging:
A downward movement of a wet film between application and the setting, resulting in an uneven coating having a think lower edge. These are usually restricted to local areas of vertical surfaces and may have the characteristic appearance of a draped curtain.
Sanding:
The act of abrading a surface (painted or bare) with an abrasive coated paper or cloth, by hand or machine, to smooth or remove surface defects or to improve the mechanical adhesion of a coating.
Sanding Sealer:
A clear or pigmented lacquer or alkyd used to seal a porus wood substrate or an applied wood filler. Designed to be easily sanded prior to application of finishing lacquer or varnish.
Sandpaper:
An abrasive is bonded to one side of a sheet of paper to form various graded sized. Sandpaper is used for smoothing rough surfaces or abrading to provide ‘tooth’.
Sash Brush:
An angled brush used for cutting-in.
Satin Finish:
A dried film that does not have a full luster but rather one resembling satin.
Scope of Work:
An overview or abstract outlining the work to be performed within a specification.
Semi-Gloss:
A finish between flat and gloss. See Gloss Levels.
Semi-Transparent Stain:
Stain that changes the natural color of the wood, but allows the grain and texture to show through.
Set Up:
Drying (e.g. latexes, alkyds) or reacting (e.g. two component epoxies, urethanes) to the stage where the material no longer flows or is workable.
Sheen:
The low angle gloss of a surface measured at 85 degrees.
Shop Painting:
Surface preparation and the application of coats of paint in a shop or plant before shipment to the site of production.
Shop Primed:
A temporary (or permanent) prime coat applied at a factory, shop, or other off-site location.
Solids by Volume:
The total volume percentage of non-volatile material. Also known as volume solids. The solids by volume is used to calculate the dry film thickness (DFT) of a coating from wet film measurements taken during application.
Solids by Weight:
The percentage of the total weight of a coating occupied by nonvolatile compounds.
Solvent:
The volatile part of paint composition that evaporates during drying. Solvents are used to control the consistency, drying properties, and in part, the stability of the liquid paint material and to regulate its application properties. Various types of solvents are also used as cleaning agents, often in combination with surfactants.
Spalling:
The chipping or fragmenting of surface or surface coating. Spalling, in concrete substrates, is generally attributed to the absorption of water with subsequent freezing, although also occurs due to the rusting and subsequent expansion of reinforcing bar (rebar) close to the surface.
Spray (ing):
A method of application in which the coating material is broken-up into fine mist and directed onto the surface to be coated. Atomization is generally created by compressed air, but other methods are direct pressure (airless spray, piston pump) and centrifugal force.
Spreading Rate:
The area covered by a unit of volume of coating material, frequently expressed as square feet per gallon. Spreading rate will vary with the operator, the method of application, and the nature of the surface being coated.
Stain:
A solution or suspension of coloring matter in a vehicle designed primarily to be applied to create color effects rather than to form a protective coating. A transparent or semi-opaque coating that colors without completely obscuring the grain of the surface.
Streaks:
A surface defect characterized by essentially parallel line of different colors or shades
Stringers:
The side boards used to support the steps on a staircase.
Substrate (Substrat):
In painting, any surface to be painted, including wood, concrete, masonry, steel, other metals, and various other materials or previous paints. A substrate can therefore be bare or covered. A previously unpainted surface sometimes is called the “original substrate”
Surface Conditioner:
Preparatory coating applied to chalked, painted masonry surfaces for bonding chalk and improving the adhesion of subsequently applied coatings.
Surface Drying:
The drying of a coating on the top surface, but not uniformly through the film. Often this can lead to wrinkling or cracking when the firm fully dries.
Surface Tension:
The surface phenomenon exhibited in varying degree by all materials. Where the surface tension of a material is lower than a liquid, the liquid will not spread out over that surface. Where the surface tension of a liquid is lower than that of the surface, then the liquid will spread out.
Surfactant:
An acronym for Surface Active Agent. Used to break down the surface tension of liquids to make them more miscible, such as in oil and water emulsions. Surfactants are divided into small classes that are relative to their functionality such as dispersants, emulsifiers, detergents, defoamers, etc.
Surfactant Staining:
The appearance of yellow to brown colored spots (horizontal) or streaks (vertical) on the surface of a recently applied latex coating. Commonly seen on latex semi-gloss paints applied to the ceiling of a bathroom where water condenses, and on some highly tinted exterior latex coatings when exposed to moisture.
Tack Rag:
A piece of loosely woven cloth dipped into a varnish oil and wrung out. When it becomes tacky or sticky, it is used to wipe a surface to remove small particles of dust.
Tackcoat:
A thin mist-like initial coat still soft enough to accept remainder of the coat as part of the same coat application and done in order to avoid sags and runs.
Tannin:
A water soluble, natural stain in woods, such as cedar and redwood, which is usually composed of various phenol compounds.
Tannin Bleed:
A water or solvent soluble extractive in a wood substrate that will migrate through a porous paint film and deposit a yellow to reddish brown stain on the surface.
Tannin Blocking:
The process of making tannin stains insoluble by means of a chemically active or moisture impermeable primer so they cannot bleed through to the topcoat.
Tape Test:
An adhesion test using a series of intersecting cuts or an X cut through the surface of a coating or coating system that extends to the substrate. A special pressure sensitive, one inch wide tape with an adhesive bonding strength is applied to the cut surface, then pulled back smoothly at an angle of 180 degrees. The cut area of the film is then examined and rated relative to the coating remaining.
Telegraphing:
Physical marks or textures on a substrate that show through an applied film.
Test Patch:
A small representative area to which a coating is applied in order to test its compatibility, appearance or adhesion properties. When choosing a coating for a substrate or situation in which there is some element of uncertainty, a test patch can provide helpful information required to ensure a correct decision.
Theoretical Coverage:
The coverage of paint calculated from volume solids and recommended dry film thickness. The theoretical calculation does not consider losses due to overspray, spillage or other losses.
Thinner:
A compatible, volatile liquid used to modify the solids content, drying speed, consistency or other properties of a paint, varnish or lacquer. Also used for cleanup of oil or alkyd paints and application tools. See Solvents.
Tint:
A color produced by mixing white pigment or paint in predominating amount with a non-white colored pigment or paint. The tint of the color, therefore, is much lighter and much less saturated than the color itself.
Tipping Off:
Brushing technique involving the use of the tips of the bristles to smooth the applied finish.
Toner:
Pigmented lacquer sealer that is applied by spray. Toners provide color and make the surface appear more even.
Tongue & Groove (Tongue-in-Groove):
A joint formed by lumber machined to have a groove on one side and a protruding tongue on the other side so that pieces fit snugly together, with the tongue of one fitting into the corresponding groove of the other.
Touch-Up:
The ability of a coating film to be spot repaired (usually within a few months of initial painting) without showing color or gloss differences.
Transparent:
Having the property of allowing light to permeate without diffusion or scattering; clear.
Trim:
Finishing components used in construction, such as moldings, char rails, base boards, etc.
Trisodium Phosphate (TSP):
A strong alkaline chemical used for cleaning, degreasing and dulling surfaces prior to painting.
TSP:
See Trisodium Phosphate.
Urethane:
See Polyurethane.
Value:
The lightness or darkness of a color, e.g. light blue, medium blue and dark blue have different values.
Varnish:
A liquid, film forming material based on drying oils and resins that dries to a transparent or translucent film after application as a thin layer.
Viscosity:
The internal resistance to flow in a liquid. A measure of thickness or thinness. It is determined by measuring the force required to shear the liquid without disorder at a defined rate. Also known as consistency.
VOC:
See Volatile Organic Compound.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC):
The organic, carbon based, compounds (including additives, solvents, free monomers, etc., but not water) that evaporate from an applied and drying coating that results in the formation of paint film on the surface to which it was applied.
Volume Solids:
The volume of the non-volatile portion of a composition divided by the total volume of the coating and expressed as a percentage. The volume solids can be used to calculate dry film thickness at a defined spreading rate or spreading rate at a defined thickness. High volume solids mean a thicker dry film with improved durability and lower VOCs.
Wainscot:
A paneling or wall covering applied to the lower section of a wall surface generally three to four feet from the floor and bordered on top with a chair rail.
Wallboard:
A general term for panel boards, such as pressed cellulose fiberboard, plywood, gypsum board, drywall, etc., used in place of plaster on interior surfaces
Wash Primer:
A thin inhibiting paint used on metal surfaces that usually contains a polyvinyl butyral binder that is pigmented with basic zinc chromate. Wash primers are mixed with an acid, prior to application, to provide surface etching and to insolubilize the binder. The film thickness is critical to the adhesion of the primer and subsequently applied coatings.
Water Blast (ing):
Methods using pressurized water to remove surface contaminates from a substrate in preparation for painting or coating.
Water Repellant:
A material that forms a barrier or lowers the surface tension of a substrate for the purpose of reducing water penetration. Most water repellents are low solids materials unable to fill the surfaces they are applied to and can fail due to hydrostatic pressure or wind driven rain.
Wet Edge:
The boundary of an applied paint to which further paint can be added without visible lapping.
Wet Film Thickness (WFT):
The thickness of a liquid film immediately after application.
Wet on Wet:
A technique whereby the second application is applied before the first is dry, and the composite film dries as a whole.
Wiping Stain:
Pigmented oil stain applied then wiped with a soft cloth to remove the excess before drying.
Wire Brush Cleaning:
Cleaning a surface with a wire brush, including both hand wire brush and power wired brush.
Wood Fillers:
There are two kinds of fillers-paste and liquid. Paste fillers are something like a very think paint and are composed of some solid powdered substance, usually silica or powdered quartz, mixed with linseed oil or varnish thinned with turpentine or benzene. Liquid fillers are lower solids materials that are flowable and can be applied by brush or spray to fill pores in open grain woods.
Workability:
The characteristic of a paint, varnish or lacquer of being easily applied to a surface
Yellowing:
The development of a yellow color or cast in paints lacquers or varnished. Oil and oil/alkyd based coatings are known to yellow over time. This can be from aging or oxidative attack on the organic binder or smoke/fumes. Yellowing can also occur when alkyds are applied in areas where they are exposed to ammonium or chlorine fumes.
Zinc Rich Primer:
An anti-corrosive primer for iron and steel incorporating zinc dust in a concentration sufficient to give electrical conductivity in the dried film, thus enabling the zinc metal to corrode preferentially to the substrate, giving cathodic protection.
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